The Great Gatsby (Page 175-180)

The Great Gatsby

By F. Scott Fitzgerald

As the novel moves forward once more into the present, the past becomes connected to the future. For, as a result of this one moment in time, the lives of those involved were greatly changed, even if just in the most minute way. Despite all of this change though, Fitzgerald reflects that society continues to push forward perpetually unaffected. 

In search of freedom and identity, the characters of Fitzgerald’s novel set out in search of dreams. Each looks for a better life and success, yet each comes away empty handed and doubting of themselves and society.  It is suggested through the openness of Nick’s judgment, that it is the character’s distorted social values and morals of wealth and popularity that keep them from attaining the dream of happiness and prosperity.  Each character’s past becomes a haunting factor in their future and a determining quality in their action. For, as each character works to run from their past, they are drawn only further into it. Thus, I feel that Fitzgerald suggests that in order to fully embrace one’s dreams and future, one must embrace one’s past. As is suggested in the final lines of the book which states, “It eluded us then, but that’s no matter- to-morrow we will run faster, stretch out our arms farther…And one fine morning- So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past (Fitzgerald, Page 180),” one must learn from the past. One must take every previously failed effort and challenge it with greater determination to succeed.

From the message to the narration, the structure to the symbolism, Fitzgerald beautifully crafts a novel of morality, love, and friendship. With each page, the novel takes new twists and turns captivating the reader. With a foundation in the past, the novel is revolutionary to the future. 

The Great Gatsby (Page 163-174)

The Great Gatsby

By F. Scott Fitzgerald

“Nobody came (Fitzgerald, Page 174).” Following Gatsby’s tragic death, the true values of American society became evident in the preparations of his funeral. Selfishness and greed as well as fear of economic consequences which characterized so many of the upper class became highlighted as all of Gatsby’s previous guests found reasons as to why not to attend his final party. Only those most loyal and unaffected by social pressures of wealth stayed true to their friend both in life and death.  This tragedy of treason and unfaithfulness follows a similar story line to the book and movie “The Ultimate Gift” by Jim Stovall.

In “The Ultimate Gift” a man of immeasurable wealth, Howard "Red" Stevens, passes away tragically leaving behind his wealth to those acclaimed as family. Like Gatsby, Stevens was a man who had built his own success and became popular as a result of it. Yet, this popularity was for money and social status, not true friendship or family. Despite all of this false loyalty however, there were those who were true friends and remained loyal to Stevens even after his death. As Gatsby’s servants, postman, Nick, and owl-eyed friend continue to support Gatsby at his funeral, Stevens’ secretaries and grandson continue his legacy of service when all others turn only to money.  Jason, Stevens’ grandson, is very similar to Nick (just as Gatsby is similar to Stevens) in that he had always admired Stevens but never truly respected him until after his death as he had never truly understood his character. Additionally, it is in the death of Stevens that Jason’s life is forever changed and he is finally able to fully see the flaws of society and work to change them.

Through tragic tales, both Fitzgerald and Stovall create a masterpiece of loyalty and morality. They address the social injustices of material pressure, dishonesty, and immorality and they embrace the qualities of true love, faithfulness, and dreams. From a tale of past corruption comes a tale of future hope.

The Great Gatsby (Page 153-162)

Style is the artistry of writing. Through Fitzgerald’s writing style, The Great Gatsby becomes an artistic masterpiece of detail and beauty. Every page and sentence structure flows together creating an imaginative art piece.

Fitzgerald’s style can be clearly viewed through the winding phrase, “The track curved and now it was going away from the sun…he stretched out his hand desperately as if to snatch only a wisp of air...and he knew that he had lost that part of it, the freshest and the best, forever (Fitzgerald, Page 153).” Denotatively, this phrase has the literal interpretation of Gatsby riding a train and reaching out the window leaving his past destination behind. Connotatively, however, the phrase takes immensely deeper meaning as Gatsby loses direction within his life and let’s go of all connection and grasp on love forcing him to accept that he had lost all happiness he had ever known. Such complex style is used thoughtfully and continually throughout the novel by means of figurative language, detailed imagery, elaborate sentence structure, and powerful diction.  Every story within Fitzgerald’s novel is creatively structured to captivate the reader and instill a deeper message and theme. Fitzgerald challenges the reader throughout the story with foreshadowing and symbolism. Additionally, Fitzgerald captivates the reader with deep thoughts and poetically written phrases scattered throughout the novel.

For Fitzgerald, writing becomes more than just an art, but a way and method of living. Thus, Fitzgerald brings the story and plot to life through his imagistic style and observations.  Through style, the Fitzgerald’s writing truly comes to life. 

The Great Gatsby (Page 146-152)

The Great Gatsby

By F. Scott Fitzgerald

“He left, feeling that if he had searched harder, he might have found her-that he was leaving her behind (Page 151-152).” In life, there are moments when one feels as though giving up is the only option and there are moments when giving up is simply not an option. In The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby gives up his search for Daisy, but never truly gives up on his love for her. Similarly, others throughout the novel, when challenged to give up, continue to fight. Nick fights for his moral values and does not give up despite social corruption.  The wealthy fight for the American dream of wealth and happiness and deject the nightmare of the degrading economic conditions at the time.  Despite all challenges thrust in their direction, the characters continue to fight for their dreams and aspirations. Daily in life, one is challenged to fight for who they are, what they believe in, and what they dream of. They are confronted with fears, weakness, and limitations, but they are inspired by hope.  At times when I struggle or things become difficult like in running a race, I feel as though giving up is my only option, but like the characters in Fitzgerald’s novel, I must keep trying by taking the next step. As people, we too are challenged not to give up when the future seems daunting, not to lose our individuality to conformity, not to give up searching when our dreams are hard to find. 

The Great Gatsby (Page 128-145)

The Great Gatsby

By F. Scott Fitzgerald

“The transition from libertine to prig was so complete (Fitzgerald, Page 130).” With the end of the novel nearing and transitions and transformations almost complete, the novel’s plot can be more fully analyzed. From flashbacks to foreshadowing and rising to falling actions, Fitzgerald uses literary techniques and writing style to unveil a dramatic plot from innocence to corruption.

In this section of the novel, the plot takes a permanent turn as relationships are revealed and decisions are made. From the initial rising action of learning that the picture-perfect world of Nick’s life and surroundings is scarred by imperfections in Tom and Daisy’s relationship as Tom cheats on Daisy more hidden secrets become unveiled. Gatsby’s past becomes relived as he grows closer once more to Daisy and his false identity and secret business become open subjects to investigation. The ultimate climax takes place as Tom, Daisy, and Gatsby discuss the love affair which indirectly leads to the death of Myrtle. Throughout all of this, narrative hooks and expositions draw in and inform the reader of necessary information like past connections and character qualities. The final falling action is the tragic death of both George Wilson and Gatsby. Throughout the novel, multiple plots merge together to form the smooth storyline. From the plot of Gatsby’s past, to the tale of Tom and Daisy’s affair, and the story of Nick’s own past, these complex side-stories merge to form one plot of change and transformation.

Through transitions and reformations, The Great Gatsby follows a plot of change. From changes in characters to changes in society, Fitzgerald masterfully addresses issues in society through her plot. Beginning with innocence the novel weaves into a tale of exploitation. 

The Great Gatsby (Page 120-127)

The Great Gatsby

By F. Scott Fitzgerald

 “There is no confusion like the confusion of a simple mind… (Page 125)” In reading The Great Gatsby, many questions arise both of the plot and of society itself. These questions allow the reader to look more deeply into the storyline and the messages of the novel.

In relation to the plot, I cannot help but wonder about Gatsby’s past and his constant usage of the phrase, “Old Sport.” In addition, I question the trustworthiness and respectability of his wealth and secret business. In connection with Gatsby’s wealth and his love for Daisy, I wonder if his business focus is more in an effort to win Daisy’s love than of his own desire for prosperity.  I question if Daisy truly loves Gatsby now or if she is more drawn by his popularity and success. As a man with everything, I also question Tom’s motives in marrying Daisy and the suddenness of that marriage. Most substantially, though, I question why Nick helped Gatsby and became involved with such complex affairs rather than being the bystander and observer he characteristically is and prides himself in being. In relation to the themes, I question if Fitzgerald supports pursuit in the American dream or if he views it as unattainable. I question the view of wealth and society at the time as well as Fitzgerald’s recommendations for the future.

Through all of these questions, I am challenged to further analyze the story and to look deeper into the plot. By questioning the reading, the reader is able to look more closely at the details in reference to the big picture. From simple confusion, comes deeper understanding. 

The Great Gatsby (Pages 97-119)

The Great Gatsby

By F. Scott Fitzgerald

Like people throughout life, characters within a novel change throughout the story. In looking openly at the characters and each unique quality, a reader is able to see the character’s transformation and the roles each play in the plot. Thus, in analyzing the qualities and roles of both Nick and Jay Gatsby, the reader is able to connect to and understand the story.

Nick Carraway initially appears as an innocent and simple flat character, but as the novel progresses, he develops into a more complex and challenging role. As a dyamic character, Nick first acts as a bystander and observer, but as the novel moves forward, becomes more directly involved in matters such as the affair between Daisy and Gatsby. He faces internal conflicts of staying true and honest to his morals and values and external conflicts with his old college friend, Tom, as he becomes involved in the secrets of his relationships and affairs. Nick’s dominant traits in the beginning are his hopefulness and trust in societies promises, but at the end of the novel, he is a much more nostalgic and past focused.

Jay Gatsby, the source of mystery and focus in the novel, acts as a round character with a secret past and false identity. He stays fairly static as he focuses throughout the novel solely on his love for Daisy. Internally, Gatsby faces conflict in questioning if Daisy will still and always love him and in achieving his American dream. Externally, Gatsby is confronted by conflict with his questionable business and Tom.  Throughout this, his significant actions include the ever popular parties, his forming a friendship with Nick, and his pursuit of Daisy’s love. He is characterized by the rumors that evolve him and his own lies of deceit. He is also characterized, though, by strong values, intelligence, and selfless love.

As the story progresses, it is the tale of each character, both present and past, that moves the plot forward. While “You can’t repeat the past (Page 110),” the past becomes invaluable to understanding the future. In knowing the qualities of each character and seeing their transformations, one is able to see the full plot of the story.  As with every person, there is a story behind every character.

The Great Gatsby (Pages 81-96)

The Great Gatsby

By F. Scott Fitzgerald

Throughout the novel, Fitzgerald uses various literary techniques to captivate his audience and present valuable information. From the development of characters to plot structure, literary techniques become invaluable qualities of Fitzgerald’s writing. In the mood and style of the writing, to flashbacks and foreshadowing, countless literary techniques become evident in The Great Gatsby.

F. Scott Fitzgerald masterfully uses allusions and analogies to connect the reader to the characters of the book. With references to common cultural things such as in the phrase, “That’s the secret of Castle Rackrent (Fitzgerald, Page 85),” which references the historical 1800 novel by Maria Edgeworth, Fitzgerald develops a detailed setting. Such details are crucial to the imagery that is constantly presented throughout the novel in descriptions of people, things, and events. Through devices such as litotes as in the phrase, “I certainly am awfully glad to see you again (Fitzgerald, Page, 86),” Fitzgerald constantly changes the structure of the novel. With foreshadowing and flashbacks, the rhythm of the story becomes varied and entertaining. Fitzgerald additionally uses irony in the character’s relationships and actions to keep the novel unpredictable while symbolism challenges the reader to look more indepthly into every occurrence. Aphorisms become valuable attributes to the novel by providing words of wisdom. Finally, similes and metaphors draw connections within the writing and society. 

The Great Gatsby (Pages 70-80)

The Great Gatsby

By F. Scott Fitzgerald

“One October day in nineteen-seventeen…(Fitzgerald, Page 74)” In Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, multiple stories develop within Nick’s tale of Gatsby. As one of the more important characters within the novel, the story of Daisy’s past within this section because a valuable exposition in the story of Gatsby.

Daisy Buchanan, a beautiful and mysterious girl from Louisville, Kentucky, is the source of attraction for many men throughout the novel. It is such attraction that causes her to become the source of desire for Jay Gatsby and which sets the whole novel about as Gatsby does everything he can to gain her as his own. As a woman who desires and lusts money, Daisy becomes manipulated by her belief that happiness will come from material wealth. Thus, Gatsby sets off to formulate a persona of fortune in the hopes of someday gaining Daisy’s love. This pursuit is what establishes the plot and leads to the irreversible tragedy of Gatsby’s own death.

From her mystical beauty to her human flaws and weaknesses, Daisy becomes a crucial character in the story. Unintentionally starting a war of love, Daisy is the reason the story forms. As a result of that one October day, a chain of irreversible events leads to the story within the story.

The Great Gatsby (Pages 61-69)

The Great Gatsby

By F. Scott Fitzgerald

“Anything can happen now…anything at all (Page 69).”  This simple phrase has powerful meaning both in the sense of what it foreshadows and what promises lay ahead. In this section, the reader learns of Gatsby’s past, but mystery still surrounds him as the reader is guided to question if the story is true.  With such questioning and mystery still present, anything can happen. The plot can take any twist and the characters can turn in any direction. It is unclear as to what Gatsby wishes to discuss with Nick and who Gatsby truly is. This mystery becomes a prevalent and major attribute to both the plot of the story and the style in which it is told. For, it is the mystery of Gatsby’s Greatness and who he really is that the story is even told and becomes important. In this one simple phrase, the book takes an irreversible turn.

The Great Gatsby (Pages 55-60)

The Great Gatsby

By F. Scott Fitzgerald

“’It takes two to make an accident (Fitzgerald, Page 58).’” Already, the themes of the novel begin to develop and become evident. Through Jordan’s simple phrase about cautious driving, Fitzgerald implies that the social changes of the 1920s were a matter involving all people and the themes of the novel were aimed at all readers.

During a period of economic crisis as the stock markets crashed and social class became more definitive, Fitzgerald addresses the growing issue of wealth and politics. Through Gatsby’s success gained by deceit rather than honest work, Fitzgerald additionally presents a theme of lying and trickery among the aristocratic and elite.  Through the troubled relationships of the main characters, Fitzgerald forces the reader to examine society’s morality and perception of marriage. In addressing marriage, gender roles and expectations arise. When dwelling in the past, Tom’s observations of the changes in society and acceptable actions raises the themes of the role of the past and social expectations. Additionally, in the presence of  Doctor T.J. Eckleburg, religion becomes an emphasized matter. The most prevalent theme, however, is the view of the American dream. The decline in its expectations and achievability challenge Americans as a society to look at their values and morals. Rather than selfishness, Fitzgerald encourages friendship and loyalty, rather than deceit, Fitzgerald encourages honesty and hopefulness, rather than wealth, Fitzgerald encourages human interactions and relationships.

While these themes were initially addressed at the people of the 1900s, the themes continue to be influential today as many of the issues faced then still exist. The novel still challenges the reader to formulate strong moral standards and to fix the problems of society. For, it takes more than one person to make an accident and it takes more than one person to make a change. 

The Great Gatsby (Pages 39-54)

The Great Gatsby

By F. Scott Fitzgerald

“He doesn’t want any trouble with anybody.”(Page 43) The characters of The Great Gatsby have complex relationships which, for most, lead to trouble. This trouble arises from the similarities and differences of the characters.

Jay Gatsby and Nick Carraway serve as the novel’s main characters and in some ways, as doubles.  The two are similar in their idealistic pursuit of the American dream and value of morals as well as their literary role as protagonists. As much as they are similar though, the two are also different. While Gatsby comes from a poor family, Nick comes from a wealthy. While Gatsby lies constantly throughout the novel, Nick prides himself in his honesty and truthfulness. In addition to Gatsby and Nick, Myrtle Wilson and Daisy Buchanan also act as doubles as both are involved in affairs, unhappy with their present husbands, and obsessed with wealth.

 

The antagonists of the novel include the Buchanans. Tom keeps Gatsby from Daisy and Daisy does not fully return Gatsby’s love thus prohibiting Gatsby from achieving his dream. Additionally, other antagonists include those who use Gatsby only for his wealth and fortune thus blocking him from Daisy and happiness.

Foil characters within the novel include Tom Buchanan and George Wilson. Physically the two differ as Tom is strong and George is weak. There physical attributes also reflect their personalities as Tom is commanding and George is quieter and more submissive. Socially, Tom is a wealthy upper-class man while George is a laborer of the working middle class.   Other foil characters include Daisy and Jordan. While Jordan is happy and accepting of her present, Daisy is miserable. Jordan is strong in her beliefs and practices while Daisy is reliant and submissive to Tom. Thus, Jordan chooses her destiny while Daisy allows Tom to take advantage of her and control her relationships.

Each different in role and qualities, the characters of the novel each serve intricate parts in the story line. Without one character, the novel takes on completely new meaning. Similarly, “…if one brick was removed the whole library was liable to collapse (Fitzgerald, Page 46) .”

The Great Gatsby (Pages 25-38)

The Great Gatsby

By F. Scott Fitzgerald

Like a building’s foundation, the setting of a novel becomes crucial to the development of a book. Each brick (time, location, circumstances, etc.) becomes part of the final structure with every detail the mortar holding it together. Thus, in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, it is the setting that transforms the individual elements of the novel into an imaginative book.   

From minute details to extravagant descriptions, Fitzgerald configures a conclusive setting in his establishment of characters and time. Such elements include the constant subliminal reference to elements of the period such as “…a moving-picture magazine… cold cream…John D. Rockefeller (Fitzgerald, Page 27).” Taking place in the early 1920s, motion-pictures were just developing as popular sources of entertainment, cold cream was a common drug-store item, and John D. Rockefeller was a national symbol of the American dream of wealth and prosperity. Fitzgerald conjointly introduces developing social issues such as the Civil Rights movement as the superiority of races is referenced (Fitzgerald, Page 13). Additionally, characters are developed through Nick’s innocently non-judgmental analysis of personality and detailed description of physical appearance.  Through this section, the reader has been introduced to Nick Carraway, Tom and Daisy Buchanan, Jordan Baker, Myrtle and George Wilson, Catherine, Mr. and Mrs. McKee, and Jay Gatsby. These characters, particularly Nick, Tom, Daisy, Myrtle, George, and Jay are influential as major characters within the novel’s contorted love circle. The location of these characters in New York City, the center of America’s business development and the symbol of the American dream, additionally serves as a key aspect of the setting in correspondence to the themes of wealth, class, morality, and dreams. Finally, it is the circumstances of the characters, particularly the relationships, which fully complete the setting and formulate the plot. 

The Great Gatsby (Page 11-24)

The Great Gatsby

By F. Scott Fitzgerald

Mystery is an unavoidable aspect of the world that characterizes every quality of nature. From faith and trust mystery allows for growth, interpretation, and analysis. Mystery becomes an element of suspense, drawing the world into a personal interpretation of symbolism.

“I always watch for the longest day in the year and then miss it (Fitzgerald, Page 11).” Even within the first chapter of Fitzgerald’s novel, the text and images presented become filled with symbolism. Thus, as Daisy advises, the reader must look with care through the window of Nick’s perspective so as not to miss the minute yet important details that fill the novel with mystery and which challenge the reader to take an active role in analyzing the direction of the novel. Through symbolism, Fitgerald challenges the reader to make an individual interpretation of the views that pass through Nick’s window. From the mysterious light that Gatsby perplexingly stares at to the description of the setting as the “valley of ashes” and the reference of the omniscient Doctor T.J. Eckleburg, symbolism introduces the reader to the themes of the novel and opens the window to new interpretations.  Upon reading the back of the novel and learning of Gatsby’s passion for Daisy, I can only guess that the green light at which Gatsby stares so longingly at is that of Daisy and Tom’s house. Additionally, upon learning of the hidden relationship troubles which Nick innocently learns of, I view the “valley of ashes” as a reference to the dying past of the people and society in which the novel takes place. In a period in which America itself first begins to struggle with the Great Depression, the American dream begins to decay. Finally, the unfathomable and supernatural power and character of Doctor T.J. Eckleburg reminds me of a God –like presence who sees the nature of the developing society from the view of the sky.

As a detective, the reader looks at every aspect of the novel uncovering the hidden clues of every symbol. As a hopeful person of faith, the reader accepts mystery as an opportunity of growth and self-discovery. As a reader, one views each page of a novel as a mystery. 

The Great Gatsby (Pages 1-10)

The Great Gatsby

By F. Scott Fitzgerald

Life is like a story with a beginning, middle, and end. Each person becomes their own narrator determining the plot and words on every page. Like looking through a magnifying glass, the narration of each life becomes a novel with a story and plot visible through the heightened image presented.

 “This isn’t just an epigram-life is much more successfully looked at from a single window, after all (Fitzgerald, Page 4).” In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, the reader looks through the  single window of Nick Carraway’s perspective as the novel takes a first person narrative point of view with limited omniscience. This becomes an influential and crucial part of the novel as the reader sees everything from Nick’s objective yet open standpoint and opinion of events. From the introduction of each character, their descriptions and qualities, and opinions of events, the story becomes directed by the management of Nick, his reserved judgment, his opinion of these past happenings, and his curiosity about 1920s society. It is his character the reader becomes attached to as the reader looks through Nick’s eyes out of the single window of his perspective.  In just the first several pages of the novel, the reader analyzes everything from Nick’s objective and honest view as Nick becomes Fitzgerald’s voice and the reader’s eyes.

From a single view and through a single window, the reader focuses on a single story. As told from the first person point of view, The Great Gatsby invites the reader into Nick Caraway’s past as through a looking glass. Thus, it becomes a story of the beginning, middle, and end of the lives that pass by the window. 

The House of Mirth- Book Two

Summary

The House of Mirth

By Edith Wharton

Upon completion of The House of Mirth by Edith Wharton, I am left amazed and confused. I am amazed at  everything Wharton has imagined and the beautiful way she presented it through metaphors, timeless diction, and picturesque imagery. I am amazed at how she connected the reader to the novel despite the nearly hundred years between the two. Yet, I am left with uncertainties and questions as to how the novel actually ended. Did Lily mean to die or was it simply accidental (I hope it was meant as a sign of society's constant power rather than Lily's own submission), what was the word both Lily (I hope it is "yes" or "love"), and how does Wharton ultimately propose to change the flaws of society presented. Perhaps it is these questions that make the novel valuable literature as it challenges the reader to find their own meaning, interpretation, and understanding. While I wish the ending would have been different as it seemed as though it could have been, I am sure that Wharton had her reasons. For, nearly everything in the story seemed to connect back to the beginning and thus Wharton shows the mastery of her plan. From avoiding dinginess to living in it, avoiding love to being overpowered by it, avoiding poverty to being a part of it, Wharton re-connects the major aspects and themes of the novel. Like a journey on a train, the track eventually ends and thus too does the story.   

Chapter Fourteen

The House of Mirth

By Edith Wharton

From the rise and fall of every character and action, the plot of The House of Mirth takes on similarities to that of a Spanish telenovela. In telling a dramatic tail of love and society, Edith Wharton uses hooks, climaxes and structural patterns. Like the novelas, there are stories within each story which are effectively told through Wharton's plot.

"It was this moment of love, this fleeting victory over themselves, which had kept them from atrophy and extinction; which, in her had reached out to him in every struggle against ht influence of her surroundings, and in him, had kept alive the faith that now drew him penitent and reconciled to her side (Wharton, Page 268)." This summarizing sentence captures the entire story into one meaningful thought and reflects the ultimate themes of the novel. From the turning point when Lily's plan to marry Mr. Gryce fails to the climax when Lily finds herself threatened by Mr. Trenor, the novel takes unpredictable turns but flows together by Wharton's strategic narrative hooks like Lily's encounters with Mr. Selden. Lily, built up by rising action in her individual success and ability to live independently, is torn apart by the falling action of being rejected by society. This pattern of rise and fall creates structure within the novel until eventually Lily is no longer able to rise. 

The techniques and writing style used by Wharton formulate the unique plot of the novel. Most importantly, it presents a resolution by which society can change by placing less emphasis on wealth and more focus on morals. It is the plot of Wharton's novel and the story it tells that distinguishes it from any other. 

The House of Mirth- Book Two

Chapter Thirteen

The House of Mirth

By Edith Wharton

"If only life could end now-end on this tragic yet sweet vision of lost possibilities, which gave her a sense of kinship with all the loving and forgoing in the world (Wharton, Page 261)!" From the occurance of chance, Lily is given hope from the least expected of sources. As in the quote of Lily's thoughts, I wonder at the true desires of Lily and the possibilities of her newly discovered world.

Lily's forgotten moment of charity appears once more in the undoubtedly grateful being of Mrs. Nettie Struther who in wishing to thank Lily, helps Lily by showing her the life she truly had always deeply longed for. In hearing Mrs. Struther's story of a past that had become Lily's reality and seeing her success in escaping its misery, Lily finds hope once more and establishes a plan and dream for the tomorrow yet to come. Additionally, in the check that arrives with her inheritance, Lily is able to finally let go of her former life and visualize a life of happiness like that of Nettie Struthers. Yet in all of these realizations and dreams, Lily is unable to sleep and overdoses on her medicine as she settles down for a deadly sleep. Thus, I question Lily's true acceptance of this new plan, if she really has moved on, and if she is strong enough to let go of her past as Mrs. Struther did. Most importantly though, I question if Lily will make it through the night and if she doesn't, I question Wharton's purpose in taking the life of Lily when she was so near to a happy ending. 

Chapter Twelve

The House of Mirth

By Edith Wharton

"She had passed beyond the phase of well-bred reciprocity, in which every demonstration must be scrupulously proportioned to the emotion it elicits, and generosity of feeling is the only ostentation condemned Wharton, Page 249)." As in Chapter Twelve from Book One, in Chapter Twelve of Book Two, Lily is overcome by intense emotions, but this time, of the opposite feeling. This time, she feels only sadness.

Rather than being in a trans of happiness, Lily is lost in her own dwelling sadness. While before I was able to fully relate to Lily's experience and share in her elation, I am thankful that I can only distantly imagine the intensity of Lily's pain. While I have dealt with the loss of family and friends, I have never had to accept the loss of myself. I have never lost everything I have known (for Lily, her wealth and social prominence), everything I have ever loved (for Lily, money, her friends, and now Selden's deepest love) my sense and grasp for the future (for Lily, her hopes and dreams of happiness, success, and marriage), or everything I have become (for Lily, her sense of beauty and importance). 

Lily's life, initially like a dream, has become a sleepless nightmare. From her overwhelming happiness to overwhelming depression, Lily's life has taken an unimaginable turn as her life slips through her hand like sand. With each grain thrown to the wind, there is less to grasp within her hand.  

The House of Mirth- Book Two

Chapter Eleven

The House of Mirth

By Edith Wharton

"Time, when it is left to itself and no definite demands are made on it, cannot be trusted to move at any recognized pace Wharton, Page 246)." This wise phrase, presented at a time when time is running out, makes every second valuable by reminding the reader that not everything is always as it seems. In Chapter 11, it appears as though Lily has lost any purpose she has ever had in living as she no longer has a direction in life, dreams to pursue, places to go, or people to be with yet, for a moment, the time stops and turns back.

Lily, having thought of a new plan and regaining a purpose, sets out with the apparent course of using the letters bought almost a year ago with the intention she planned on never withdrawing to. Yet, on her pathway to the Dorsets' house, Lily is stopped by her past and turned toward her memories with Selden. This sudden purposeful and powerful shift symbolizes Lily's final battle with love against money. The letters, symbols of temptation, secrets, and betrayal to her true values and morals, have been a constant weight upon Lily, but by consciously choosing Selden over their pull, she, I hope, has chosen love over wealth.  Thus, she has won her final victory fairly, allowing her to move on despite the challenges that still persist. Like in Harry Potter, Lily has overcome the temptations of living easily through conversion to Voldemort's side by fighting and it is with an open and clear mind now that she can move on as Harry did by following her heart.

While old wounds can be reopened, I hope that Lily recovers and continues to dream and love. I hope that she does not turn back down the road of her past and fall to the power of money. As time is running out for Lily, I hope she makes every second count.

Chapter Ten

The House of Mirth

By Edith Wharton

"Once more, Lily had withdrawn from an ambiguous situation in time to save her self-respect, but too late for public vindication (Wharton, Page 230)." In analyzing the narrator of the story, one as a reader analyzes Wharton as the writer of the plot. With a third person omniscient and objective point of view, Wharton's own life and views become more clear in the narrator's presentation of events and focus.

As Lily finds her past repeated as she is once more pushed from her social circle do to misunderstandings and disillusionment of facts, Wharton blames society as much as if not more than Lily. Wharton, a product of wealth in her own time, presents her analysis and witness of society in her writing. She, knowing the personal struggles of Lily, is able to express her emotions and identify with the pressures of money in marriage, the challenges of finding and holding a job as a woman, and the burdens of conforming to society. Thus, I feel it is with earnestness that Wharton writes and pleas for social change as she writes not about a dream or fantasy, but real life and the world she wanders daily. For, like Lily, Wharton had traveled the world and knew of its greatness and wished for success and happiness. Additionally, she knew of the power of friendships like Selden's and the pain of affairs and betrayal as she wished for support and understanding in the need of emphasis on true love. While the novel is about imagined characters, aspects of them were true and living analogies to Wharton's own life.

The House of Mirth- Book Two

Chapter Nine

The House of Mirth

By Edith Wharton

"Lily had an odd sense of being behind the social tapestry (Wharton, Page 224)." Much like watching a play from behind the curtain, Lily feels as though she is seeing society from the outside. It is in this analogy, that I was drawn to the similarity of the story of The House of Mirth with the plot of the famous Broadway play, Wicked. 

Like Wharton's novel, Wicked is a play with a beautiful story that surreptitiously addresses social issues including wealth, power, and social expectations. As I read of the struggles of each character and learn of their defining qualities, I begin to see connections in their manners and find comparisons in their pasts allowing me to guess at their futures. Like the main narrator and one of the central figures of the play, Lily Bart reminds me startlingly of Glinda in how she acts and dresses, in her past, and in her plans and expectations for the future. Her struggle to overcome material addictions and to go against social expectations in how she acts matches perfectly that of Glinda who in the end fails to rise above the restraints of peer pressure and physical pleasure. Through it all though, Lily and Glenda are encouraged and supported by a loyal friend, Girty Farish and Elphaba, who see the greater good in the world and works to overcome society's immoralities by "Defying Gravity." Similarly to Elphaba and Glenda, Girty and Lily both love the same man, Selden or Fiyero Tigelaar, and while one knows the other's love is requited, neither are in the end able to live happily ever after with him. Finally, I am reminded of the similarities between Rosedale and the Wizard of Oz as, like the Wizard, Rosedale becomes so focused on power and acceptance that he begins to live a life of disillusionment and misses happiness. 

Fiyero Tigelaar

Chapter Eight

The House of Mirth

By Edith Wharton

One word can change a sentence and one phrase change a book. In Edith Wharton's writing, every detail is an influential aspect and key characteristic of her narrative. Thus, one phrase can be powerful in reaching the last.

"'I wasn't meant to be good (Wharton, Page 215).'" This one phrase, simple in appearance, is complex in meaning. Spoken by Lily herself in a moment of emotional break-down, Lily chooses the direction of her future by giving up on her past. For me, this phrase is more than a simple self-analysis, but a self-prediction for the future. In this one moment, Lily gives up all hope for change and loses any determination in pursuing in life. She sees no more purpose and accepts failure in creating the world she had always dreamed of with no hope, perseverance, or determination, Lily becomes her own greatest downfall. The masks of all her past acts are pealed away and Lily is left vulnerable and uncovered. 

Despite her initial rebuilding through her work with Mrs. Norma Hatch, Lily, through one simple phrase, begins her own destruction. Selden, Mrs. Fisher, and Ms. Farish work diligently to support the reconstruction, but become helpless as Lily chooses her own destiny. From one word to a simple phrase, a single sentence changes the entire story. 

The House of Mirth- Book Two

Chapter Seven

The House of Mirth

By Edith Wharton

Like Selden in the first book, Mr. Rosedale enters Lily's story at a time and with an influence powerful enough to twist her future and the direction of the book. As Lily becomes more desperately in need of financial assistance and social stability, Mrs. Fisher and Gerty Farish work to convince Lily to marry before it is too late and to ensure her happiness in life. Lily accepts this truth and works towards strengthening her  favor of Mr. Rosedale, but finds that he is similar to her in his desire to build social power and independence.  This need, so similar to hers, keeps him from taking her in marriage and challenges Lily as he questions her and her direction in life saying, "Do you say so, Miss Lily (Wharton, Page 210)." This simple six word quote forces Lily to reconsider her choice to protect the dignity of her friends despite their betrayal and challenges her every moral and value. With six words, Mr. Rosedale promises Lily that within six months she could have everything she dreamed of: marriage, happiness, social prominence, power. Yet Lily knows that within six months, she could lose every ounce of self-respect which she had purposefully protected by enduring the suffering of misunderstanding. From initially appearing as a nuisance in the first book, to acting as an aid in the efforts to relieve Lily of her misery in the second, Rosedales character becomes of major importance in guiding Lily's actions.  

Chapter Six

The House of Mirth

By Edith Wharton

Style is a characteristic and aspect of writing that distinguishes one writer from another. From the diction and vocabulary usage to the composition of words and flow of paragraphs, little changes and qualities of writing can greatly affect the outcome of the story and the readers connection to it. Thus, style becomes a crucial quality to analyze with in a passage. 

As the novel progresses, Wharton's style becomes more evident and visible. Throughout the novel, fine details in what the characters notice and the narrator unfolds become a key aspect and tool in Wharton's storytelling. From descriptions of people to events, such details become a part of the rhythm of the book. This style becomes a reflection of each character in what they describe and focus upon and the pattern of such details set the speed of the story. Through the speed of the novel, Wharton subliminally  connects the reader to the emotions  of the characters as she uses the rhythm to reflect their feelings. For example, in Chapter Six, Wharton portrays the urgency Lily feels in finding a solution to her financial problems and returned acceptance into society by quickening the pase of the book and characters thoughts and actions like in the quote, "And suddenly fear possessed her-fear of herself, and of the terrible force of temptation (Wharton, Page 198)." This pattern of the rise and fall of Lily's success and happiness with depression and fear portrays this evident and useful aspect of Wharton's style.

The House of Mirth- Book Two

Chapter Five

The House of Mirth

By Edith Wharton

"People come into your life for a reason, a season, or a lifetime." This famous and popular quote is wisely portrayed by Wharton through her introduction of the Gomers to Lily's life. Yet, upon meeting the Gomers, one as a reader is instantly drawn to their similarity to the Trenors and Van Osburghs.

"The people about her were doing the same things as the Trenors, the Van Osburghs and the Dorsets: the difference lay in a hundred shades of aspect and manner, from the pattern of the man's waistcoats to the inflection of the women's voices (Wharton, Page 189)." As Wharton points out through this comparison, the Gomers appear as doubles to the Van Osburghs and Trenors. Despite their surface similarities though, Wharton continues to point out though that the Gomers are more accepting and less judgmental making them friendly protagonists rather than the antagonist Mrs. Dorset has bee throughout the novel. The introduction of these new and open characters comes conveniently in a time of need for Lily as they provide her friendship and shelter as Mrs. Dorset continues the destruction of Lily's social image. Such close similarity though, draws Lily back to desiring and working towards rebuilding her old life and friendships causing her, as Ms. Gerty Farish would point out, to close the door on any possibilities of escaping this lifestyle. While the Gomers appear as though they will do anything for Lily, due to their striking similarities in wealth, social status , and sudden proximity and friendliness with the Dorsets, the reader is forced to wonder what their future role will play in the story and if they too will turn to the spoils of wealth and temptations of acceptance.

Chapter Four

The House of Mirth

By Edith Wharton

Character is a quality that can not be manipulated or controlled, but in truth reflects the most inner qualities of a person and their values as an individual. Throughout the plot of The House of Mirth, Edith Wharton develops each character to reflect their morals and individuality. In Chapter Four, the reader, for the first time, is able to most fully see and sympathize with the main character, Lily Bart, in her time of weakness as her true character is fully revealed. 

As a result of being disinherited by her Aunt, Mrs. Peniston, in her will and last testement and in the seclusion  from her former friends and family who chose to believe the false story of Mrs. Dorset due to her riches rather than trusting in the character of Lily Bart, Lily, "For the first time in her life  finds herself utterly alone except for Gerty Farish (Wharton, Page 183)." Despite the disloyalty of her friends and harshness of her family, Lily resolves to do what is just and work to repay her debts and continue to protect the dignity of Mrs. Dorset. In seeing Lily through a new light, one in which she appears more humane with emotions of longing for friendship and acceptance, I sympathize with Lily and see her perhaps in the view of Gerty Farish, as  a person with greater qualities and a higher purpose in life. Like Gerty Farish, I begin to hope that Lily too will see this as she moves beyond the constant act of trying to fit in with this rich and unaccepting group. I can see now that Lily truly does not belong amongst them as she cares too much for the well-being others while those others care little about her. In Grace Stepney's blaming of Mrs. Peniston's death on Lily's past failures, I feel condolence for Lily as I can now see that she never would mean to bring such harm to her Aunt. 

Throughout the first part of the novel, I had not seen fully Lily's true character, but rather only her more confident mask and pride-filled persona. Now, however, I can see her as a person who is working diligently to become a better version of herself, who is trying to help those around her, and as a person who loves, but is afraid of the pain that might come from the vulnerability of being so open. To fully understand and see another's character, one must look deeper than the external act to the person behind the mask. 

The House of Mirth- Book Two

Chapter Three

The House of Mirth

By Edith Wharton

Mildred Lisette Norman once said, "Love is the greatest power on earth. It conquers all things.” Edith Wharton, seeing and knowing the power of love, challenges the emotion as one of the central themes within her novel. Whether the love a friend or the love of a spouse, Wharton emphasizes its importance and the necessity to respect it within society.   

Through the challenges that arise in Chapter Three, Wharton portrays the influence and power of love. Despite all of the grievances, betrayal, and embarrassment that Mrs. Dorset thrusts at Lily by twisting her story, Lily continues to lookout for and stay with her friend even when her own image could be at risk. Similarly, Selden, despite the heart-ake  and pain Lily has caused him by not acknowledging her love for him, continues to look out for her best interest and protect her. Even in seeing her greatest weaknesses, he loved her and tried to move on so that she could chose the life she desired and he not block her way. In that, "His real detachment from her had taken place, not at the lurid moment of disenchantment, but now, in the sober after-light of discrimination, where he saw her definitely divided form him by the crudeness of choice which seemed to deny the very differences he felt in her (Wharton, Page 174)." Despite his detachment, it is Selden that stands by Lily and helps her when everyone else leaves her. In reading this chapter and admiring Selden's continued friendship and dedication to Lily, I am reminded of John Tyree from Dear John who looks out for Savannah Curtis out of true friendship and love by helping finance her husbands medical treatments despite knowing that he will never be able to marry Savannah. 

Through such characters and acts of friendship, Wharton portrays the true meaning of love. In her work, she shows that love is one of the most beautiful gifts of friendship often given even when not deserved.  Most importantly though, she shows its power to change the world even if only for one individual. 

Chapter Two

The House of Mirth

By Edith Wharton

Throughout the novel, Edith Wharton uses various literary techniques to intensify her style and expand upon the quality of the work. Such literary techniques allow the piece to flow more smoothly by adding transitions and references to previous statements in addition to breaking the piece up with humor and outside references. One such powerful technique used constantly throughout the novel is irony. 

In reflecting upon her adventure into Europe with the Dorsets, Lily views the trip as a "...miraculous release from crushing difficulties (Wharton, Page 157)." This statement, however, is ironic in that through the trip, Lily has not truly escaped her difficulties, but simply prolonged them as she still must find a mean to pay back her debts. Concurrently, Lily finds herself in an ironic situation as she looks to help and protect Mrs. Dorset from a divorce, but finds herself threatened by Mrs. Dorset's twisting tail of events. Within the first two sections of the second book of the novel, Wharton additionally uses irony in how Mr. Selden and Lily crossed paths once more. Selden, looking to avoid Lily, ironically finds himself in a train with her.  

Such placement of irony effectively twists the story in unexpected directions and makes issues within the novel more apparent. Most enjoyably though, irony adds humor. For, as Henry James once said in the Washington Square, "Don't underestimate the value of irony-it is extremely valuable."

The House of Mirth

Chapter One

The House of Mirth

By Edith Wharton

As book one begins, nearly three months gone by, times have changed, seasons have passed, settings have been rearranged, and people moved on. These changes are what disclose the most crucial details and private secrets hidden within the lines of every page. Most substantially, such changes are represented in the shifts of seasons from the dreary Winter to life-rich Spring. The setting change is visible in the Spring-like stories and interactions of every person and it is the blossoming season that is most clearly reflected in the moods and actions of the characters . After being heartbroken by unrequited love, Selden changes his setting by going abroad in order to allow his direction and focus to shift Lily. Thinking he has been successful in moving on,  Selden is unaware of his still blossoming emotions which bloom and are reborn when he encounters Lily on the train to Nice. Additionally, Selden shifted from never socializing at great lengths with the rich elite to dining with and serving as a member of their group. The most visible connection to the season however is in the analogy of Lily's ever changing relationships. In the story of Lily's past chance of marrying an Italian prince, the reader sees, however, that Lily truly does desire love as she once more ran form a marriage of money. As in Selden states, "There's nothing grimmer than the tragedy that wears a comic mask (Wharton, Page 155)," it is saddening to see Lily struggle so desperately when everything she desires is around her. Just like Spring though, it is unclear what Lily's future will hold. From season to season and setting to setting, the plot changes from book to book. 

Chapter Fifteen

The House of Mirth

By Edith Wharton

Thus far in Edith Wharton's novel, The House of Mirth, the reader has been taken on an unpredictable journey of happiness and sadness, love and heartbreak, success and failure. In Chapter Fifteen, the first book ends  leaving the reader uncertain as to whether Lily will succumb to the pressures of Mr. Rosedale and chose a life of simple material pleasure or pursue Mr. Selden in true happiness and love. Most substantially though, money begins to be worth so much to Lily that it develops a greater value than her own life. All throughout this continual development of plot, Wharton continues to challenge the reader through the development of various themes and pushes the reader to acknowledge the social issues presented within society. It is for the care with which these issues are displayed and the guidance of the reader in developing their own opinions that I view Wharton's novel as a success. From the style with which it is written to the contrivance itself, Wharton's work is a masterpiece through which the reader is pushed to analyze their own weaknesses in desires of wealth and social acceptance. Wharton takes controversial ideas and thrusts them into the lime light of debate urging society to take action and change its expectations of women and wealth. As Lily realizes that Mr. Selden had left, "She understood now that he was never coming-that he had gone away because he was afraid that he might come (Wharton, Page 146)," Wharton challenges the reader to be courageous and take action in making changes. 

The House of Mirth- Book One

Chapter Fourteen

The House of Mirth

By Edith Wharton

Questions are not signs of weakness, but that of growth. In questioning the direction of the novel and the themes presented, one as a reader is able to grow in understanding of the author's message and better able to analyze one's own opinions. As the novel reaches the middle of its tail, I question its direction and analyze its meaning. 

From the first page to the last so much can change. From the season (fall to winter) to the interests of the characters (morally and socially), The House of Mirth takes countless turns such that at times the direction is unclear. As Wharton writes in the words of Mr. Van Alstyne while talking to Seldon, "...appearances are deceptive... (Wharton, Page 131)" In the beginning of the novel, it was clear that Lily's focus was on money, happiness, and success as in the eyes of the elite and wealthy. It seemed as though everyone was content with their life or within grasp of being in such a state. Now, however, it is revealed that Mr. Trenor is unhappy with his money and wants to be in a stronger relationship with Lily but knows she does not want the same, Gerty Farish loves Mr. Selden but knows he will always love Lily, Mr. Rosedale has everything he could want except the perfect wife he sees in Lily, and Lily realizes that she has made a mistake in her lifestlye but knows no way of changing it. With so many uncertainties I question how the story will proceed and the ending it will take. 

In questioning the direction of the book, I can see the importance at looking at every detail and understand that not everything is always at it seems. Questions become the key to moving forward and reaching a conclusion. Questions become answers. 

Chapter Thirteen

The House of Mirth

By Edith Wharton

Writing is an art that can be appreciated in countless ways and understood through many contexts. With that, every word becomes important and its composition crucial to the story. For, it is in the author's style that a blank page is filled with meaningful writing. 

In The House of Mirth, Edith Wharton's writing style takes the characteristics of a storyteller as she craftily captures the attention of her audience through descriptive diction in varying and complex sentence structures which allow the tale to flow. Wharton presents the story in such a manner that complex ideas become understandable to the reader and chapters become imaginable. For example, she takes Lily's multifarious emotions during her interaction with Mr. Trenor and makes them simple in saying,  "All she looked on was the same and yet changed (Wharton, Page 120)." Additionally, Wharton  uses countless analogies, metaphors, similes, and allusions to form images common to most readers like the comparison of Lily's emotions to waves crashing on the shore (Wharton, Page 119). In the dialect of the characters, Wharton presents ironies which make the story realistic and humorous. Finally, in the use of figurative language and classy diction, Wharton fully engulfs the reader in the period causing the story to come to life within the imaginations of the audience. 

In her writing, Wharton makes every word meaningful. She analyzes their placement and formulates every line, paragraph, and page so as to make the book most presentable. Through such efforts, her writing becomes characterized by an artistic style. 

The House of Mirth- Book One

Chapter Twelve

The House of Mirth

By Edith Wharton

Dreams are fantasies of happiness. In Chapter Twelve, Lily experiences a moment of complete happiness and satisfaction as her reality becomes a fantasy. For, in that moment, everything is as she has ever dreamed it to be: she is the center of all focus, she is the focus of all love, she is loved by all admirers, she is admired for all her beauty, she is the beauty at the center. In that one moment, she is transfixed in pure enjoyment and pleasure as "...they may give magic glimpses of the boundary world between fact and imagination." Her reality becomes a dream and she can think of nothing to make the moment more wonderful. Such experiences are priceless in life and unforgettable whether long or short, simple or complex. For me, these moments come when I am with those I love most like friends and family or when something I never imagined possible happens. They are moments of complete freedom and purity in which one can appreciate the world with a greatness so profound that reality and dreams become mixed. Most recently, I experienced this feeling as I crossed the Grand Canyon with my friends and together we reached the top with the feeling of complete happiness and success. Throughout the novel, Lily has constantly been searching for happiness and now she truly experiences it as she makes her own path in life, follows her heart, and displays her true self. 

Chapter Eleven

The House of Mirth

By Edith Wharton

 As the novel has progressed, I have not been able to help but analyze the novel in connection to other works with similar themes and motives. Even the novel itself holds such comparisons in the quote, "But society, amused for a while at playing Cinderella, soon wearied of the hearthside role, and welcomed the Fairy Godmother in the shape of any magician powerful enough to turn the shrunken pumpkin back again into the golden coach." In terms of the methods used by Wharton to present social faux pas and errors, I am reminded of Harper Lee's novel, To Kill a Mockingbird. Both authors, seeing problems within society, address such by providing alternatives and advice. In reference to the love circle of Lily Bart and the disapproval of Mrs. Peniston as presented in Chapter Eleven, I am reminded of Gone with the Wind. As in The House of Mirth, the main character, Scarlet, is caught in the uncertainty of choosing between two men to love and marry just as Ms. Bart struggles to choose a suitor. Even to modern occurrences like the charitable donation of playground equipment to the Salvation Army as published in the recent Saturday newspaper reminds me of the novels theme of money and Lily Bart's own charitable donation.  Finally, in Lily Bart's personality and how she is perceived by society, I am reminded of Elle Woods from Legally Blonde. Like Lily, Elle Woods dreams of greater achievements and opportunities, but is judged by her beauty.  In contrast to Lily though, Elle Woods looks to overcome social expectations by bettering the lives of those around her while Lily thus far seems to only seek personal growth.

With many things in life, little similarities can spur connections to outside sources. The House of Mirth uses such connections to draw in the reader and further emphasize the messages presented by making the themes relatable. The timelessness of such themes allow the books to live forever.

(Please follow the link: http://www.indystar.com/article/20120707/LOCAL1805/207070335/Donations-make-new-playground-possible?odyssey=tab|topnews|text|Communities to read the article about the donation)

                  

The House of Mirth- Book One

Chapter Ten

The House of Mirth

By Edith Wharton

Money causes division and unity, sadness and happiness, anger and friendship. In The House of Mirth, money becomes more than a piece of paper. Money symbolizes a living and untamed beast in American society. Money symbolizes success, opportunity, and power.

Throughout the course of the book, one of the most prevalent themes has been money. Money in the sense of power and luck as well as methods of possession and methods of use. In Chapter Nine, Lily, for the first time, discovers the full aptitude of money as she discovers its ability to help others. "Lily felt a new interest in herself as a person of charitable instincts: she had never before thought of doing good with the wealth she had so often dreamed of possessing, but now her horizon was enlarged by the vision of a prodigal philanthropy (Wharton, Page 90)." This new discovery re-inspires Lily with a false confidence of heirarchy. Thus, money becomes a characteristic of the possessor and a defining quality in each owner. 


Today, money continues to be an object of immeasurable power. As I read this section, I was constantly reminded of the song, "For the Love of Money" by The O'Jays, for in the song, money becomes a praised object with power beyond control. Like in The House of Mirth, money is more than just an object, it is the "Almighty Dollar." 

Chapter Nine

The House of Mirth

By Edith Wharton

"...The poor has got to live as well as the rich (Wharton, Page 86)." The House of Mirth, so eloquently composed by Edith Wharton to present the social problems of the time addresses many themes including love, the power of money, social expectations, freedom, and luck. From the story of this elite and diverse group of characters, a message of love, community, and social acceptance is presented.

For most of the novel, Lily Bart has been focused upon a process of achieving marriage and wealth for herself. In Chapter Nine, though, Lily suddenly experiences and shares emotions of compassion. Struggling with her own poor luck, Lily acts sympathetically with Mrs. Haffen who has come bearing letters by Bertha Dorset which had been written to Mr. Selden. Additionally, despite the fact that Mrs. Dorset had been greatly influential in ending any prospects of marriage between Lily and Mr. Gryce, Lily buys the letters from Mrs. Haffen to prevent them from being spread further. This act, mostly to protect Selden, gives Mrs. Haffen the money needed to keep her house and keeps proof of Mrs. Dorset's desires for Selden a secret. Such actions present a message of overcoming the pressures of society to aid those most in need. In the end though, Lily decides to keep the letters as a weapon to be used against Mrs. Dorset if needed. Thus, the struggle begins once more. 

Rather than seeing how the rich can help the poor and the poor the rich, each fights for their own piece of the puzzle making it impossible to solve in the end. Through such analogies of Social Darwinism, Wharton craftily presents the need for using wealth for the betterment of all society as in the Social Gospel Movement. Yet, only the future can tell of the success of such advice. 

The House of Mirth- Book One

Chapter Eight

The House of Mirth

By Edith Wharton

As in life, there are high moments and low, hills and mountains, darkness and blinding light moments within the context of a book. In a crucial moment of The House of Mirth, such a turning point takes place. For Lily Bart, it is not the prospect of success in her own life, but that of another that turns her world upside down.

After a period of uncertainty as she was pulled between marriage for wealth and marriage for love, Lily comes to the conclusion that she must marry Mr. Gryce for the wealth and approval of the elite class she longs to be a part of. Through one such member of this group though, Elite is told, "The engagement is not to be announced till next week-but you are such a friend of Mr. Gryce's that they both wished you to be the first to know of their happiness (Wharton, Page 79)." This simple fact and simple phrase changes the apparent course of the book as Lily is forced to find a new direction for her life and reconsider her options for marriage. Previously, the book had developed the possibilities, but now they must become reality. For some the path seems easy to choose, but like the reflection of light, such obvious solutions can seem distorting.

From here, the book could turn in any direction and Lily could chose any path. From the easy smooth road across a plain to the more difficult hilly road with a view of the mountains, Lily must once more choose between searching for an easy marriage of wealth or that of love and happiness.  As in life, the future is open to a limitless number of possibilities.

Chapter Seven

The House of Mirth

By Edith Wharton

Isak Dinesen said "To be a person is to have a story to tell." As a person, Edith Wharton has a story to tell. For, as the artistic narrator, Wharton paints the tail and as the creative author Wharton controls the reaction. 

The House of Mirth, as told through the third person omniscient and objective point of view, is a reflection and an analysis of society presented as through the thoughts, words, and actions of those involved. Rather than simply looking through a magnifying glass, the reader is guided by Wharton as she crafts the novel into a living tail by presenting the reader with information as though they were the characters themselves. In allowing and guiding such personal and in-dept relations,  Wharton creates a masterful novel that causes the reader to indirectly feel emotion towards the themes and topics. For example, the reader can feel the restraints and better understand the social expectations of the time as Lily reflects on the "tiresome distinction between what a married woman might, and a girl might not, do (Wharton, Page 64)." In hearing the main thoughts and witnessing the actions of the characters in connection to each other, the reader is able to understand and appreciate all aspects of the plot and themes.

With such responsibility of telling a tale comes power. Through complete control and power, Wharton uses the role of narrator to tell a tale and present the issues of society through a new standard. Robert McKee once presented though that an even greater power arises as he said, "Storytelling is the most powerful way to put ideas into the world today."